Music IR Bibliography

A Personal Music IR Bibliography

Donald Byrd, Indiana University

Rev. late August, 2006

Mahler was at the height of his career as an interpreter when he said, "I consider it my greatest service that I force the musicians to play exactly what is in the notes."

--Arnold Schoenberg, "Mechanical Musical Instruments" (1926), reprinted in his Style and Idea; translation by Leo Black

This is the only reasonably-up-to-date, general bibliography of music-IR literature I’m aware of; however, it really is a personal bibliography, heavily biased towards my own interests. A more complete and less biased "research bibliography" appears at http://www.music-ir.org/research_home.html, but, as of this writing, it’s nowhere near up-to-date: it appears to include nothing after 2003. A complete list of all ISMIR papers is available at http://www.ismir.net/all-papers.html; that list is exceptionally useful because it includes links to complete copies of most of the papers.

This bibliography includes all references in Byrd (2001), Byrd and Crawford (2001), Byrd (2002), and Byrd and Isaacson (2002), plus all papers I’m most interested in from ISMIR 2000, 2001, and 2005, and many from other ISMIRs and other sources.

This bibliography uses the American Psychological Association (APA) style, except that page numbers are preceded by "pp." for clarity, and author's names (with some exceptions, which I'm getting rid of as time allows) are given in full. Note: "KW" below = "KeyWords".

A. Music IR, Digital Music Libraries and Related (music representation, music psychology, etc.)

Anderies, John (2005). The Promise of Online Music. Library Journal, 1 June 2005.

Babbitt, Milton (1965, Spring-Summer). The Use of Computers in Musicological Research. Perspectives of New Music 3,2. KW: representation, graphemic, acoustic, auditory, combinatorial, information retrieval

Bainbridge, David (1998). MELDEX: A Web-based Melodic Index Service. In Hewlett & Selfridge-Field (1998). KW: music IR, WWW, database, folksong, digital library

Bainbridge, David, Cunningham, Sally Jo, & Downie, J. Stephen (2004). GREENSTONE as a Music Digital Library Toolkit. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 42—43.

Bainbridge, David, Nevill-Manning, Craig, Witten, Ian, Smith, Lloyd, & McNab, Roger. (1999). Towards a Digital Library of Popular Music. Proceedings of Digital Libraries ’99 Conference. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. KW: music IR, popular music, database, digital library

Bamberger, Jeanne (2004). The development of intuitive musical understanding: a natural experiment. Psychology of Music 30(1), pp. 7-36.

Barlow, Harold & Morgenstern, Sam (1948). A Dictionary of Musical Themes. New York: Crown Publishers. KW: theme, melody, notation index, classical music, database

Barlow, Harold & Morgenstern, Sam (1950). A Dictionary of Opera and Song Themes. New York: Crown Publishers. KW: theme, melody, notation index, classical music, database

Bello, Juan P., Monti, Guliano, & Sandler, Mark (2000). Techniques for Automatic Music Transcription. Read at the First International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2000); retrieved November 6, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/music2000 . KW: audio, monophonic, polyphonic, AMR, segmentation, blackboard

Bello, Juan P.; & Pickens, Jeremy (2005). A Robust Mid-Level Representation for Harmonic Content in Music Signals. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 304—311.

Berenzweig, Adam, Logan, Beth, Ellis, Daniel P.W., & Whitman, Brian (2004). A Large-Scale Evaluation of Acoustic and Subjective Music-Similarity Measures. Computer Music Journal 28(2), pp. 63—76.

Birmingham, W., Dannenberg, R., Wakefield, G., Bartsch, M., Bykowski, D., Mazzoni, D., Meek, C., Mellody, M., & Rand, W. MUSART: Music Retrieval Via Aural Queries. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 73—81. KW: representation, theme extraction, abstraction, Markov model, thematic index, system architecture, melodic contour, audio, phonetic stream, audio thumbnail

Birmingham, W., O'Malley, K., Dunn, J.W., & Scherle, R. (2003). V2V: A Second Variation on Query-by-Humming. Demo at JCDL 2003; retrieved March 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://variations2.indiana.edu/pdf/JCDL2003Demo-web.pdf. One of the very few published accounts of systems that combine content-based and metadata-based retrieval of music.

Boltz, M. (1999). The Processing of Melodic and Temporal Information: Independent or Unified Dimensions? Journal of New Music Research 28(1), pp. 67—79.

Boyle, James; Jenkins, Jennifer; & Aoki, Keith (2006). Bound By Law? Tales From the Public Domain. Center for the Study of the Public Domain, Duke Law School. Retrieved June 30, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://www.law.duke.edu/cspd/comics/. Many observers feel that intellectual-property law in the U.S. these days is heavily biased towards the IPR owners and away from the public. Though addressed primarily to documentary filmmakers, this work -- in comic-book format! -- is an excellent introduction to IPR issues for those interested in music, especially since a great many of the examples cited involve music. KW: copyright infringement, fair use, IPR, public domain

Brinkman, Alexander (1990). PASCAL Programming for Music Research. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. Somewhat dated; for example, he concentrates on programming in PASCAL and encoding music in DARMS, both of which have largely been supplanted by other technology. Nonetheless, thorough and complete, covering everything from how computer hardware works to details of encoding to how to design good programs–and all with an emphasis on music (it was originally written as a textbook for a graduate course in computer-assisted music research). A uniquely valuable book.

Brook, Barry, ed. (1970). Musicology and the Computer. New York: City University of New York Press. Includes two symposia by the American Musicological Society/Greater New York Chapter, 1965. One was on music input "languages", covering Ford-Columbia (DARMS), Plaine and Easie, ALMA, and MUSTRAN; the other was on music analysis and documentation.

Byrd, Donald (1994). Music Notation Software and Intelligence. Computer Music Journal 18(1), pp. 17—20. KW: CMN, music formatting, artificial intelligence, counterexample, FAHQMN

Byrd, Donald (2001). Music-Notation Searching and Digital Libraries. In Proceedings of Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2001), pp. 239—246. KW: CMN, music IR, searching, music library. Describes NightingaleSearch, one of the very few attempts to integrate content-based music retrieval with a high-quality notation program.

Byrd, Donald (2004). Chart of Candidate Music IR Test Collections. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://mypage.iu.edu/~donbyrd

Byrd, Donald (2004). Musical Themes and Occurrences of Melodic Confounds. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://mypage.iu.edu/~donbyrd/ThemesAndConfoundsNoTabs.txt

Byrd, Donald (2004). Variations2 Guidelines For Encoded Score Quality. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://variations2.indiana.edu/system_design.html

Byrd, Donald (2005). Written Vs. Sounding Pitch. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://variations2.indiana.edu/system_design.html

Byrd, Donald (2006). A Similarity Scale for Content-Based Music IR. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://mypage.iu.edu/~donbyrd/MusicSimilarityScale.HTML

Byrd, Donald (2006). Extremes of Conventional Music Notation. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://mypage.iu.edu/~donbyrd/CMNExtremes.htm . KW: CMN, limits, earliest usage. For many years, the author has been compiling this list of "extreme" values for many aspects of music expressed in conventional Western notation: shortest and longest note durations, most complex tuplet, slowest and fastest tempo marks, earliest use of fff, etc. It now includes records in about 70 general categories and about 30 earliest-use categories.

Byrd, Donald, & Crawford, Tim (2002). Problems of Music Information Retrieval in the Real World. Information Processing and Management 38, pp. 249—272; retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://mypage.iu.edu/~donbyrd/Papers/RealWorldMusicIR35TR.pdf . KW: music IR, searching, representation, audio, CMN, MIDI, music perception, polyphony, segmentation, unit of meaning

Byrd, Donald, & Isaacson, Eric (2003). Music Representation in a Digital Music Library. In Proceedings of Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2003), pp. 234—236.

Byrd, Donald, & Isaacson, Eric (2005). A Music Representation Requirement Specification for Academia. Computer Music Journal 27, no. 4 (2003), pp. 43—57; revised version retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://variations2.indiana.edu/system_design.html . KW: CMN, MIDI, representation, SMDL domain, tuplet

Byrd, Donald, & Schindele, Megan (2006). Prospects for Improving Optical Music Recognition with Multiple Recognizers. To appear in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2006).

Cambouropoulos, Emilios (1998). Musical Parallelism and Melodic Segmentation. In Proceedings of the XII Colloquio di Informatica Musicale, Gorizia, Italy.

Casey, Michael (2005, December). Acoustic and Symbolic Lexemes for Organizing Internet Audio. Contemporary Music Review 24(6). KW: audio mosaicing, audio search engine, indexing, n-gram

Casey, Michael, & Crawford, Tim (2004). Automatic Location and Measurement of Ornaments in Audio Recordings. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 311—317.

Castan, Gerd (2005). Music Notation Links. Retrieved June 30, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://www.music-notation.info/en/compmus/ . Despite the title, includes a substantial amount of information of his own as well as a very large collection of links. Sections include "Music notation", "Musical notation codes", "Music notation programs", "Optical Music Recognition", "Converting audio to MIDI", etc.

Chai, Wei, & Vercoe, Barry. Using User Models in Music Information Retrieval Systems (2000). Poster at the First International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2000); retrieved November 6, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/music2000 .

Chen, A.L.P., & Chen, J.C.C. (1998). Query by Rhythm: An Approach for Song Retrieval in Music Databases. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Eighth International Workshop on Research Issues in Data Engineering: Continuous-Media Databases and Applications (RIDE), pp.139—146.

Chew, Elaine, & Wu, Xiaodan (2004). Separating Voices in Polyphonic Music: A Contig Mapping Approach. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval (CMMR 2004); Springer Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science no. 3310.

Chew, Elaine, & Yun-Ching Chen (2005). Real-Time Pitch Spelling Using the Spiral Array. Computer Music Journal 29(2), pp. 61—76.

Chordia, Parag (2005). Segmentation and Recognition of Tabla Strokes. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 107—114.

Churchill, Caryl. (1982). Top Girls. London: Methuen. Byrd & Crawford (2002) cites this play simply as an example in text of "polyphony" with explicitly-notated synchronization.

Cilibrasi, Bret, Vitanyi, Paul, & Wolf, Ronald de (2005). Algorithmic Clustering of Music Based on String Compression. Computer Music Journal 28(4), pp. 49—67.

Clifford, Raphael, Groult, Richard, Illiopoulos, Costas S., & Byrd, Donald (2004). Music Retrieval Algorithms for the Lead Sheet Problem. In Proceedings of Sound and Music Computing (SMC 2004), Paris, France, October 2004, pp. 141—146.

Cooke, Deryck (1959). The Language of Music. Oxford, U. K.: Oxford University Press.

Cooper, Matthew; Foote, Jonathan; Pampalk, Elias; & Tzanetakis, George (2006). Visualization in Audio-Based Music Information Retrieval. Computer Music Journal 30(2), pp. 42—62.

Cope, David (2003). Computer Analysis of Musical Allusions. Computer Music Journal 27(2), pp. 11—28.

Crawford, Tim, & Byrd, Donald (1997). Musical Data Retrieval using Multiple Indexes. Paper read at IMS Study Group on Musical Data and Computer Applications, Musical Data Retrieval: Techniques and Interfaces, King’s College, London.

Crawford, T., Iliopoulos, C.S., & Raman, R. (1998). String-Matching Techniques for Musical Similarity and Melodic Recognition. In Hewlett & Selfridge-Field (1998).

Cronin, Charles (1998). Concepts of Melodic Similarity in Music-Copyright Infringement Suits. In Hewlett & Selfridge-Field (1998), 187—210. KW: copyright infringement, IPR, public domain

Cronin, Charles (2006). Columbia Law School Music Plagiarism Project. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/law/library/entrance.html. In its own words, this remarkable website "comprises hundreds of documents (texts, scores, audio and video files) associated with music copyright infringement cases in the United States from 1845 forward." KW: copyright infringement, IPR, public domain

Dannenberg, Roger (1993). Music Representation Issues, Techniques, and Systems. Computer Music Journal 17(3), pp. 20—30. KW: heirarchy, multiple heirarchies, MIDI, extensibility, Music V, real time, metric time, music notation, continuous vs. discrete, declarative vs. procedural, coding

Dannenberg, Roger (2001). Music Information Retrieval as Music Understanding. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 139—142. KW: music perception, computer accompaniment system, score following, dynamic programming

Dannenberg, Roger, Birmingham, W., Tzanetakis, G., Meek, C., Hu, N., & Pardo, B. (2004). The MUSART Testbed for Query-by-Humming Evaluation. Computer Music Journal 28(2), pp. 34—48.

Deutsch, D. (1972). Octave generalization and tune recognition. Perception and Psychophysics 11(6), pp. 411—412.

Dixon, Simon, & Widmer, Gerhard. MATCH: A Music Alignment Tool Chest. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 492—497.

Doraisamy, Shymala, & Rüger, Stefan (2001). An Approach Towards a Polyphonic Music Retrieval System. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 187—193. KW: index, n-gram, ratio bins, ranking, histogram, experiment

Doraisamy, Shymala, & Rüger, Stefan (2003). Emphasizing the Need for TREC-like Collaboration Towards MIR Evaluation. In The MIR/MDL Evaluation Project White Paper Collection, pp. 90—96.

Doraisamy, Shymala, & Rüger, Stefan (2004). A Polyphonic Music Retrieval System Using N-Grams. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 204—209.

Dovey, Matthew (1999). A matrix based algorithm for locating polyphonic phrases within a polyphonic musical piece. In Proceedings of AISB ’99 Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Musical Creativity. Edinburgh, Scotland: Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour.

Dovey, Matthew (2001). A Technique for "Regular Expression" Style Searching in Polyphonic Music. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 179—185. KW: OMRAS, CMN, piano roll, XML, gap

Dovey, Matthew (2001). Adding content-based searching to a traditional music library catalogue server. In Proceedings of Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2001), pp. 249—250.

Dovey, Matthew (2002). Music GRID – A Collaborative Virtual Organization for Music Information Retrieval Collaboration and Evaluation. In The MIR/MDL Evaluation Project White Paper Collection, pp. 50—52. Retrieved August 20, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://music-ir.org/evaluation/wp2/wp2_dovey.pdf . KW: OMRAS, WebServices, GRID IR

Dovey, M., & Crawford, T. (1999). Heuristic Models of Relevance Ranking in Searching Polyphonic Music. In Proceedings of Diderot Forum on Mathematics and Music, Vienna, Austria, pp. 111—123.

Downie, J. Stephen (1999). Evaluating a Simple Approach to Music Information Retrieval: Conceiving Melodic N-Grams as Text (doctoral dissertation, Univ. of Western Ontario).

Downie, J. Stephen, ed. (2003). The MIR/MDL Evaluation Project White Paper Collection, 3rd ed. Retrieved August 20, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://music-ir.org/evaluation/wp.html

Downie, J. Stephen (2003). Music information retrieval. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 37, pp. 295—340. Retrieved August 20, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://music-ir.org/downie_mir_arist37.pdf .

Downie, J. Stephen (2004). The Scientific Evaluation of Music Information Retrieval Systems: Foundations and Future. Computer Music Journal 28(2), pp. 12—23.

Downie, J.S., & Nelson, M. (2000). Evaluation of a Simple and Effective Music Information Retrieval System. In Proceedings of ACM SIGIR 2000 Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

Downie, J. Stephen, et al (2003). The Music Information Retrieval Research Bibliography. Retrieved May 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://music-ir.org/research_home.html .

Downie, J. Stephen, West, Kris, Ehmann, Andreas, & Vincent, Emmanuel (2005). The 2005 Music Information retrieval Evaluation Exchange (MIREX 2005): Preliminary Overview. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 320—323. Retrieved March 25, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://ismir2005.ismir.net/proceedings/xxxx.pdf.

Droettboom, Michael, Fujinaga, Ichiro, MacMillan, K., Patton, M., Warner, J., Choudhury, G.S., & DiLauro, T. (2001). Expressive and Efficient Retrieval of Symbolic Musical Data. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 173—178. KW: natural-language search engine, GUIDO, Themefinder, MELDEX, melodic search, rhythmic search, simultanaeity, secondary index, partitioning, regular expression

Dubnov, Shlomo, McAdams, Stephen, & Reynolds, Roger (2004). Structural and Affective Aspects of Music from Statistical Audio Signal Analysis. To appear in Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Special Issue on Style, 2004 / 2005. Retrieved May 10, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://music.ucsd.edu/~sdubnov/ . A unique feature of the research this paper describes is that one of the authors (Reynolds) is a well-known composer, and the research involves a composition of his the structure of which was "conceived to allow experimental exploration of the way in which musical materials and formal structure interact".

Dunn, Jon, & Mayer, Constance (1999). VARIATIONS: A digital music library system at Indiana University. DL '99: In Proceedings of the Fourth ACM Conference on Digital Libraries, pp. 12—19.

Dunn, Jon; Byrd, Donald; Notess, Mark; Riley, Jenn; & Scherle, Ryan (2006, August). Variations2: Retrieving and Using Music in an Academic Setting. Communications of the ACM 49,8, pp. 53—59.

Flexer, Arthur, Pampalk, Elias, & Widmer, Gerhard (2005). Novelty Detection Based On Spectral Similarity Of Songs. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 260—263.

Foote, Jonathan (2000). ARTHUR: Retrieving Orchestral Music by Long-Term Structure. Read at the First International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2000); retrieved November 6, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/music2000

Futrelle, Joe, & Downie, J. Stephen (2002). Interdisciplinary communities and research issues in music information retrieval. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2002), pp. 215—221. KW: representation, coverage gaps, user requirements, Western music, principles.

Ghias, A., Logan, J., Chamberlin, D., & Smith, B. C. (1995). Query by Humming: Musical Information Retrieval in an Audio Database. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Multimedia. Retrieved June 20, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/multimedia/217279/p231-ghias/p231-ghias.htm

Gibson, D. (1999). Name That Clip: Music retrieval using audio clips. Presentation at SIGIR 1999 Workshop on Music Information Retrieval. Abstract retrieved August 23, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~dag/NameThatClip

Good, Michael (2001). MusicXML for Notation and Analysis. In Hewlett & Selfridge-Field (2001), pp. 113—124. KW: interchange, music notation, CMN, music representation, XML, MuseData, Humdrum, analysis

Gordon, John (1996). Psychoacoustics in Computer Music. In Roads (1996), Chapter 23.

Goto, Masataka, Hashiguchi, Hiroki, Nishimura, Takuichi, & Oka, Ryuichi (2002). RWC Music Database: Popular, Classical, and Jazz Music Databases. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2002), Paris, France, pp. 287—288.

Goto, Masataka, & Goto, Takayuki (2005). Musicream: New Music Playback Interface for Streaming, Sticking, Sorting, and Recalling Musical Pieces. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 404—411.

Grande, Cindy (1997). The Notation Interchange File Format: A Windows-Compliant Approach. In Selfridge-Field (1997), pp. 491—512.

Guenther, Bernard (2004). Music Representation for Music Libraries. Interactive-Music Network document DE4.2.1. Retrieved May 26, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.interactivemusicnetwork.org/wg_libraries/documents.html?l_s=struttura&gruppo=96&order_by=data&asc_desc=asc

Haitsma, Jaap, & Kalker, Ton (2002). A Highly Robust Audio Fingerprinting System. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2002), Paris, France, pp. 107—115.

Hall, Gary (2002, April). Cramped Quarters. Electronic Musician 18,5, pp. 58—74. KW: compression, lossless, lossy, perceptual coding, AAC, MLP, MPEG, MP3

HARMONICA (1999). Accompanying Action on Music Information in Libraries: HARMONICA. Retrieved January 31, 2001, from the World Wide Web: http://www.svb.nl/project/harmonica/harmonica.htm

Harrison, Nate (2004). Can I Get An Amen? Retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://nkhstudio.com/pages/popup_amen.html. KW: copyright infringement, IPR

Harte, Christopher, Sandler, Mark, Abdallah, Samer, & Gomez, Emilia (2005). Symbolic Representation of Musical Chords: A Proposed Syntax for Text Annotations. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 66—70.

Haus, Goffredo, & Longari, Maurizio (2005). A Multi-Layered, Time-Based Music Description Approach Based on XML. Computer Music Journal 29(1), pp. 70—85. KW: MX; spine.

Hawley, Michael J. (1990). The Personal Orchestra, or, Audio Data Compression by 10000:1. Usenix Computing Systems Journal 3(2), pp. 289—329.

Hemmasi, Harriette (2002). Why not MARC? In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2002), Paris, France, pp. 242—248. Explanation of the factors that led the Variations2 team to abandon the MARC format for bibliographic information that has been the library cataloging standard for decades and develop a new metadata model–one that resembles the influential proposed standard FRBR in important ways.

Hewlett, Walter (1986?). A Base-40 Number-line Representation of Musical Pitch Notation. Retrieved June 30, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.ccarh.org/publications/reprints/base40/

Hewlett, Walter (1997). MuseData: Multipurpose Representation. In Selfridge-Field (1997), pp. 402—447.

Hewlett, Walter, & Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (Eds.) (1998). Melodic Similarity: Concepts, Procedures, and Applications (Computing in Musicology 11). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Hewlett, Walter, & Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (Eds.) (2001). The Virtual Score (Computing in Musicology 12). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Hiller, Lejaren, and Isaacson, Leonard (1959). Experimental Music. New York: McGraw-Hill. Describes the authors' work on using a computer for musical composition, dating back to the mid-1950's or thereabouts and perhaps the first of its kind. Their work may also be the first on computational models of musical processes of any type.

Hjelte, Garth (2005, November). Lost in Translation. Electronic Musician 21,11, pp. 39—47. How to translate between sound-sample-file formats.

Hofmann-Engl, Ludger (2001). Towards a cognitive model of melodic similarity. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 143—151. KW: similarity models, pitch perception, meloton, transposition, inversion

Hoos, Holger, Hamel, Keith, Renz, Kai, & Kilian, Jürgen (1998). The GUIDO Music Notation Format: A Novel Approach for Adequately Representing Score-level Music. In Proceedings of the 1998 International Computer Music Conference, pp. 451—454.

Hoos, Holger, Renz, Kai, & Görg, Marko (2001). GUIDO/MIR—an Experimental Musical Information Retrieval System based on GUIDO Music Notation. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 41—50. KW: CMN, music IR, XML, probabilistic, clustering

Hsu, Jia-Lien, & Chen, Arbee L.P. (2001). Building a Platform for Performance Study of Various Music Information Retrieval Approaches. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 153—162. KW: music IR, evaluation, Ultima project, index structures, efficiency, effectiveness

Huron, David (1988). Error Categories, Detection, and Reduction in a Musical Database. Computers and the Humanities 22, pp. 253—264. An important, pioneering discussion of the issues the title mentions.

Huron, David (1992). Design Principles in Computer-based Music Representation. In Marsden & Pople (1992), pp. 5—39. Somewhat out-of-date; also, what he calls "representation" is at least as much encoding as representation. With these caveats, this is still a useful discussion of principles that underlie representation and encoding, both in general and for music in particular. Includes a list of 12 "properties of a good representation", with detailed comments on each.

Huron, David (1997). Humdrum and Kern: Selective Feature Encoding. In Selfridge-Field (1997), pp. 375—401.

Huron, David (2000). Music Cognition Handbook: A Dictionary of Concepts. Retrieved February 10, 2006, from the World Wide Web: musiccog.ohio-state.edu/Resources/Handbook/index.html

Isaacson, Eric (2002). Music IR for Music Theory. In Downie (2002), pp. 23—26.

Isaacson, Eric, et al. (2002). Working documents for the Multimedia Music Theory Teaching (MMTT) project.

Isaacson, Eric (2005). What You See Is What You Get: On Visualizing Music. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 389—395.

ISMIR (2000). MUSIC IR 2000: International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval. Retrieved February 28, 2001, from the World Wide Web: http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/music2000

Jan, Stephen (2005). Meme Hunting with the Humdrum Toolkit: Principles, Problems, and Prospects. Computer Music Journal 28(4), pp. 68—84.

Kapur, Ajay, McWalter, Richard I., & Tzanetakis, George (2005). New Music Interfaces For Rhythm-Based Retrieval. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 130—136.

Kassler, Michael (1966). Toward Musical Information Retrieval. Perspectives of New Music 4(2), pp. 59—67. One of the first published articles on music IR of any kind.

Kassler, Michael (1970). MIR–A Simple Programming Language for Musical Information Retrieval. In Harry B. Lincoln (Ed.), The Computer and Music, pp. 299—327. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.

Kilian, Jürgen, & Hoos, Holger (2004). MusicBLAST–Gapped Sequence Alignment for MIR. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), pp. 38—41. Describes MusicBLAST, an algorithm for approximate pattern searching and matching on symbolic music data, based on the BLAST algorithm for similarity search on biological sequence data.

König, Sven (2006). sCrAmBlEd?HaCkZ!. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://www.popmodernism.org/scrambledhackz/. "Gramophone records, magnetic tapes, vinyl records, digital samplers and computers have already liberated the samples long ago. But still - to infringe copyrights - one has to decide which sample one actually wants to steal. One has to arduously load audio files into sample editors or sequencers. One has to cut, copy, paste and arrange. All that takes precious creative energy and a lot of time. Enough of that! Copyright infringements have never been easier than with sCrAmBlEd?HaCkZ!" The demo video on the site does a great job of explaining what sCrAmBlEd?HaCkZ is about, and he's not kidding; however, it's really a tool for improvising video (including music video) performances based on pre-existing material, regardless of the legal status of that material. KW: copyright infringement, IPR, sound signature, audio mosaicing

Kornstaedt, Andreas (2001). The JRing System for Computer-Assisted Musicological Analysis. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 93-98. KW: musicology, graphical user interface, Humdrum, software, catalogue, customization

Lee, W., & Chen, A.L.P. (2000). Efficient Multi-Feature Index Structures for Music Data Retrieval. In Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, pp.177—188.

Lemström, K., Laine, P., & Perttu, S. (1999). Using Relative Interval Slope in Music Information Retrieval. In Proceedings of the 1999 International Computer Music Conference, pp. 317—320.

Lemström, K., & Perttu, S. (2000). SEMEX - An Efficient Music Retrieval Prototype. Read at the First International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2000); retrieved November 6, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/music2000 . KW: bit-parallel algorithm, transposition invariance, polyphony, approximate string matching

Lesaffre, Micheline (2005). Music Information Retrieval: Conceptual Framework, Annotation and User Behavior. Doctoral dissertation, IPEM - Department of Musicology, Ghent University.

Lesk, Michael (1997). Practical Digital Libraries: Books, Bytes, and Bucks. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann. KW: Memex, text access, images, multimedia, representation, network, security, preservation, human-computer interaction (HCI), intellectual property rights (IPR)

Levering, Mary (2000). Intellectual Property Rights in Musical Works: Copyright and Digital Library Issues Relating to Music. Read at the First International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2000); retrieved November 6, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/music2000 . KW: rights of creators, Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), Fair Use, licensing, permissions, bundle of rights, IPR

Li, T., and Ogihara, M. (2003). Detecting Emotion in Music. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2003), Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 239—40. Poster describing a bare beginning at what seems like a monumentally difficult problem; one aspect of the bareness of their beginning is that the experiment they describe used just one subject.

Lindsay, Adam, & Kim, Youngmoo (2001). Adventures in Standardization, or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love MPEG-7. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 195—196. KW: multimedia, ISO, melody description scheme, contour, timbre

Lippens, Stephan et al (2004). A Comparison of Human and Automatic Musical Genre Classification. In Proceedings of IEEE Int. Conf. on Audio, Speech and Signal Processing, Montreal, Canada; retrieved September 2, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.cs.uvic.ca/~gtzan/work/pubs/icassp04gtzan.pdf

Malinowski, Stephen (2004). The Music Animation Machine. Retrieved February 17, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.well.com/user/smalin/ . KW: visualization, bar graph, score, harmony

Manaris, Bill, Romero, Juan, et al (2005). Zipf’s Law, Music Classification, and Aesthetics. Computer Music Journal 29(1), pp. 55—69. KW: white noise, pink noise, pleasantness, author attribution.

Marsden, Alan, & Pople, Anthony (Eds.) (1992). Computer Representations and Models in Music. London, San Diego, New York, etc.: Academic Press.

Martin, K.D., & Scheirer, E.D. (1997). Automatic Transcription of Simple Polyphonic Music: Integrating Musical Knowledge. Retrieved August 23, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://sound.media.mit.edu/Papers/kdm-smpc97.txt

McAdams, S., & Bregman, A. (1979). Hearing Musical Streams. Reprinted in Roads & Strawn (1985), pp. 658—98.

McKay, Cory, & Fujinaga, Ichiro (2004). Automatic Genre Classification Using Large High-Level Musical Feature Sets. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 525—530.

McNab, R., Smith, S., Witten, I., Henderson, C., & Cunningham, S.J. (1996). Towards the Digital Music Library: Tune Retrieval from Acoustic Input. In Proceedings of Digital Libraries ’96 Conference. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

McNab, R., Smith, S., Bainbridge, D., & Witten, I. (1997). The New Zealand Digital Library MELody InDEX. DLib Magazine, May 1997; at http://www.dlib.org .

Meek, Colin, & Birmingham, William (2001). Thematic Extractor. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 119—128. KW: melodic pattern; repetition; thematic index; MME

Meek, Colin, & Birmingham, William (2002). Johnny Can’t Sing: A Comprehensive Error Model for Sung Music Queries. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2002), pp. 124—132.

Meredith, David, Lemström, Kjell, & Wiggins, Geraint (2002). Algorithms for discovering repeated patterns in multidimensional representations of polyphonic music. Cambridge Music Processing Colloquium 2003, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge. Retrieved June 16, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.titanmusic.com/papers.html

Meredith, David, & Wiggins, Geraint (2005). Comparing Pitch Spelling Algorithms. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 280—287.

Merton, Orren (2006, February). The Sum of All Tracks. Electronic Musician 22,2, pp. 57—63. Claims to be a serious attempt to decide yet another contentious question in high-end audio: does summing digital tracks with analog hardware have a tangible effect on sound quality? Gets off to a very promising start, but goes astray at the last minute and ends up simply as an example of how to expend much effort on an interesting question--and one that probably wouldn't be that difficult to answer--without proving anything.

Miller, Paul D. ("aka Dj Spooky that Subliminal Kid") (2004). Rhythm Science. MIT Press. KW: sampling, Dj, culture

Minsky, Marvin (1981). Music, Mind, and Meaning. Computer Music Journal 5(3), pp. 28—44. KW: structuring space and time, sonata, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, expectation, frames.

Mongeau, M., & Sankoff, D. (1990). Comparison of Musical Sequences. Computers and the Humanities 24, pp. 161—175. An important early paper; among other things, it argued for thinking of repeated notes in melodies in terms of "fragmentation" and "consolidation" processes.

Moore, F. Richard (1988). The dysfunctions of MIDI. Computer Music Journal 12, no.1, pp. 19—28.

Moore, F. Richard (1990). Elements of Computer Music. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

New Zealand Digital Music Library. Retrieved August 23, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.nzdl.org/fast-cgi-bin/music/musiclibrary/

O’Maidin, D. (1995). A Programmer’s Environment for Music Analysis. Technical Report UL-CSIS-95-1, Department of Computer Science, University of Limerick, Ireland.

O’Maidin, D. (1998). A Geometrical Algorithm for Melodic Difference. In Hewlett & Selfridge-Field (1998).

O’Maidin, D., & Cahill, M. (2001). Score Processing for MIR. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 59—64. KW: CMN, music IR, score, API, STL, container-iterator, melodic comparison, dynamic programming

Mueller, Meinard; Kurth, Frank; & Roeder, Tido (2004). Towards an Efficient Algorithm for Automatic Score-to-Audio Synchronization. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 365—372.

OMRAS (2002). Online Music Recognition and Searching. Retrieved August 23, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.omras.org

Pachet, François (1999). Surprising Harmonies. International Journal on Computing Anticipatory Systems 4. Available from http://www.csl.sony.fr/General/Publications/index.php . KW: models of expectation, models of surprise, unsupervised learning of musical structure, jazz harmony; pattern detection, tritone substitution, turnaround, LZ parsing

Pachet, François (2002). Playing With Virtual Musicians: The Continuator in Practice. IEEE Multimedia 9(3), pp. 77—82. Available from http://www.csl.sony.fr/General/Publications/index.php .

Pachet, François (2003). The Continuator: Musical Interaction with Style. Journal of New Music Research 32(3), pp. 333—341. Available from http://www.csl.sony.fr/General/Publications/index.php .

Pampalk, Elias, Dixon, Simon, & Widmer, Gerhard (2004). Exploring Music Collections by Browsing Different Views. Computer Music Journal 28(2), pp. 49—62. Describes a very promising approach to visualizing and browsing music collections, based on Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) focused on information derived from audio analysis and/or metadata. An important feature is that multiple maps of the same collection are aligned so the user can explore different aspects by gradually changing focus from one view to another.

Pampalk, Elias, Rauber, Andreas, & Merkl, Dieter (2002?). Content-based Organization and Visualization of Music Archives. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Multimedia, Juan les Pins, France. KW: visualization, genre classification, rhythm patterns, self-organizing map, feature extraction, Smoothed Data Histograms, Islands of Music

Pardo, Bryan, & Birmingham, William (2002). Encoding Timing Information for Musical Query Matching. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2002), Paris, France, pp. 267—268. KW: IOI, quantization, alphabet size, bins

Pardo, Bryan, & Birmingham, William (2003). Query by Humming: How good can it get? In The MIR/MDL Evaluation Project White Paper Collection, pp. 107—109.

Pardo, Bryan, & Sanghi, Manan (2005). Polyphonic Musical Sequence Alignment for Database Search. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 215-222.

Parsons, Denys (1975). The Directory of Tunes and Musical Themes. Cambridge, England: Spencer Brown. An index to thousands of themes via melodic contour alone -- melodies are described as series of ups, downs, and repeats -- intended especially for people with little musical training.

Pickens, Jeremy (2000). A Comparison of Language Modeling and Probabilistic Text Information Retrieval Approaches to Monophonic Music Retrieval. Read at the First International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2000); retrieved November 6, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/music2000 . KW: symbolic music, probabilistic retrieval, Bayesian inference network, n-gram, known-item search

Pickens, Jeremy; Bello, Juan P.; Crawford, Tim; Dovey, Matthew; Monti, Guliano; Sandler, Mark B., & Byrd, Donald (2002). Polyphonic Score Retrieval Using Polyphonic Audio Queries: A Harmonic Modeling Approach. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2002), Paris, France, pp. 140—149.

Pickens, Jeremy (2003). Tracks and Topics: Ideas for Structuring Music Retrieval Test Collections and Avoiding Balkanization. In The MIR/MDL Evaluation Project White Paper Collection, pp. 110—113. KW: evaluation, Cranfield model, TREC, MusicGrid

Pickens, Jeremy (2005). Classifier Combination for Capturing Musical Variation. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 648—651.

Pierce, John R. (1992). The Science of Musical Sound, Revised Edition. New York: W. H. Freeman.

Pohlmann, Ken (2005). Principles of Digital Audio, Fifth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. A highly readable standard text on the subject that goes into considerable technical detail in its 800-plus pages. Has an extensive bibliography.

Purwins, Hendrik (2005). Profiles of Pitch Classes - Circularity of Relative Pitch and Key: Experiments, Models, Music Analysis, and Perspectives. Doctoral dissertation. Retrieved December 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://opus.kobv.de/tuberlin/volltexte/2005/1085/ . "The doubly-circular inter-relation of the major and minor keys on all twelve pitch classes can be depicted in toroidal models of inter-key relations (TOMIR). We demonstrate convergence of derivations on the explanatory levels of a) an experiment in music psychology, b) geometrical considerations in music theory, and c) computer implementation of musical listening scenarios."

Raphael, Christopher (2001). Automated Rhythm Transcription. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 99-107. KW: stochastic model, tempo tracking, Markov chain

Raphael, Christopher (2004). A Hybrid Graphical Model for Aligning Polyphonic Audio with Musical Scores. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 387-394.

Raphael, Christopher, & Stoddard, Joshua (2004). Functional Harmonic Analysis Using Probabilistic Models. Computer Music Journal 28(3), pp. 45—52.

Riley, Jenn (2005). Exploiting Musical Connections: A Proposal for Support of Work Relationships in a Digital Music Library. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 123—129. Works that are derived from or part of another work are common in many musical traditions; however, very few music IR systems, even those with an academic and bibliographic slant, take advantage of them. This paper describes research into these relationships and suggests how they could be used, esepcially with Western art music.

Rink, John, et al (2004). Online Chopin Variorum Edition – Pilot Project: Final Report. Retrieved December 28, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.ocve.org.uk/content/reports/index.html

Roads, Curtis (1985). Grammars as Representations for Music. In Roads & Strawn (1985).

Roads, Curtis, & Strawn, John (1985). Foundations of Computer Music. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Roads, Curtis, with John Strawn, Curtis Abbott, John Gordon, and Philip Greenspun (1996). The Computer Music Tutorial. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. From the Preface: "The Computer Music Tutorial addresses the need for a standard and comprehensive text of basic information on the theory and practice of computer music... [T]his textbook contains all new material directed towards teaching purposes." With the understanding that "computer music" refers largely to applications of computers to creative purposes, this work of over 1200 pages is about as comprehensive as a single volume can be; it is also authoritative, since the main author is a distinguished expert in the field. However, as the publication date suggests, it's no longer completely up-to-date.

Roland, Perry (2002). The Music Encoding Initiative (MEI). In Proceedings of MAX 2002: First International Conference on Musical Applications using XML, pp. 55—59. KW: Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), Music Encoding Initiative (MEI), music notation, CMN, music representation, XML, DTD design

Rust, Ted (1995). Seeing Music: The Art Of Stephen Malinowski. Music For the Love of It, October 1995. Retrieved February 17, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.well.com/user/smalin/rustarticle.html . KW: visualization, bar graph, score, harmony

Sapp, Craig Stuart (2001). Harmonic Visualizations of Tonal Music. In Proceedings of the 2001 International Computer Music Conference, pp. 423—430.

Sapp, Craig Stuart (2005). Online Database of Scores in the Humdrum File Format. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 664—665.

Schedl, Markus, Knees, Peter, & Widmer, Gerhard (2005). Discovering and Visualizing Prototypical Artists by Web-based Co-Occurrence Analysis. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 21—28.

Scherle, Ryan, & Byrd, Donald (2004). The Anatomy of a Bibliographic Search System for Music. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 489—496.

Schwartz, Baron (2003). Music Notation as a MEI Feasability Test. ISMIR 2003 poster.

Selfridge-Field, Eleanor, ed. (1997). Beyond MIDI: The Handbook of Musical Codes. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Includes chapters on "Sound-Related Codes" (MIDI, MIDI files and several extensions to them, Csound, etc.); "Musical Notation Codes" (DARMS and extensions, SCORE, Lime Tilia, Nightingale Notelist, Braille); "Codes for Data Management and Analysis" (Essen, Plaine and Easie, Humdrum and kern, MuseData); "Interchange Codes" (SMDL, NIFF, etc.); etc.

Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (1997). Describing Musical Information. In Selfridge-Field (1997), pp. 3—38.

Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (1998). Conceptual and Representational Issues in Melodic Comparison. In Hewlett, W., & Selfridge-Field, E. (Eds.), Melodic Similarity: Concepts, Procedures, and Applications (Computing in Musicology 11) (pp. 3—64). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Shazam Entertainment Ltd. (2005). Shazam — discover music — share music — get music. Retrieved December 20, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.shazam.com/music/portal/ . The first successful commercial service to identify recordings (via audio fingerprints); as their web site used to say, "just hit 2580 on your mobile phone and identify music".

Shenoy, Arun, and Wang, Ye. Key, Chord, and Rhythm Tracking of Popular Music Recordings. In Computer Music Journal 29(3), pp. 75—86.

Sloan, Donald (1997). HyTime and Standard Music Description Language: A Document-Description Approach. In Selfridge-Field (1997), pp. 469—490.

Smith, Julius O. (2003). Mathematics of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), with Music and Audio Applications. W3K Publishing. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/mdft/

Smith, L.A., McNab, R.J., & Witten, I.H. (1998). Sequence-Based Melodic Comparison: A Dynamic Programming Approach. In Hewlett, W., & Selfridge-Field, E. (Eds.), Melodic Similarity: Concepts, Procedures, and Applications (Computing in Musicology 11). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Smithers, Brian (2005, March). Square One: A Stitch in Time: Manipulating Time and Pitch for Fun and Profit. Electronic Musician 21,3, pp. 82—84.

Stanley, Jim, & Kearns, Antony (2001). The HymnQuest Software: A DARMS Parser for Hymn-Tune Searching. In Hewlett & Selfridge-Field (2001), pp. 207—215. Describes what was probably the first commercial product to incorporate music-IR technology, namely a database of melodies in symbolic form with an engine for searching it.

Sterian, A., Simoni, M. H., & Wakefield, G. H. (1999). Model-based Musical Transcription. Proceedings of the 1999 International Computer Music Conference (Beijing, China). Retrieved August 23, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://musen.engin.umich.edu/papers/transcription.pdf

Stewart, Darin (2002, July). The Digital-Rights Debate: Can you protect your rights without alienating your audience? Electronic Musician 18(8), pp. 110—120. KW: electronic distribution, digital-rights management (DRM), license broker, license predelivery/postdelivery, Secure Audio Path (SAP), digital watermarking, fair use, XrML, ODRL

Stewart, Darin (2003, December). XML for Music. Electronic Musician 19(13), pp. 58—64.

Suyoto. Iman S.H., & Uitdenbogerd, A.L. (2004). Exploring Microtonal Matching. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 224—231.

Temperley, David (2004). An Evaluation System for Metrical Models. Computer Music Journal 28(3), pp. 28—44.

Tseng, Y.-H. (1999). Content-based Retrieval for Music Collections. In Proceedings of ACM SIGIR 1999 Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 176—182. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

Typke, Rainer (2006). MIR Systems: A Survey of Music Information Retrieval Systems. Retrieved January 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://mirsystems.info

Typke, Rainer, Wiering, Frans, & Veltkamp, Remco C. (2004). A Search Method for Notated Polyphonic Music with Pitch and Tempo Fluctuations. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 281—288. KW: transportation distance, RISM A/II, segmentation, vantage indexing

Typke, Rainer, Wiering, Frans, & Veltkamp, Remco C. (2005). A Survey of Music Information Retrieval Systems. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 153—160. An overview of 17 existing systems for content-based retrieval of music in both audio and symbolic forms. Includes a "map" of the systems showing the tasks and users for which each system seems most appropriate; the "task" axis is similar in intent to Byrd's "Similarity Scale for Content-Based Music IR". The authors argue that one can see from the map that these systems "fail to cover a gap between the very general and very specific retrieval tasks."

Tzanetakis, George, & Cook, Perry (2000). Audio Information Retrieval (AIR) Tools. Read at the First International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2000); retrieved November 6, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/music2000 . KW: MARSYAS, feature-based audio analysis, classification, segmentation, audio thumbnailing, TimbreGram, principal component analysis (PCA)

Tzanetakis, George, Essl, Gerog, & Cook, Perry (2001). Automatic Genre Classification of Audio Signals. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2001), pp. 99-107. KW: texture, instrumentation, rhythmic structure, rhythmic strength, heirarchic classification, surface features, user interface, MARSYAS

Tzanetakis, George, Gao, Jun, & Steenkiste, Peter (2004). A Scalable Peer-to-Peer System for Music Information Retrieval. Computer Music Journal 28(2), pp. 24—33.

Uitdenbogerd, A.L., & Zobel, J. (1998). Manipulation of music for melody matching. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 235—240. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

Uitdenbogerd, A.L., Chattaraj, A., & Zobel, J. (2000). Music Information Retrieval: Past, Present and Future. Read at the First International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2000); retrieved November 6, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/music2000 .

Uitdenbogerd, A.L., & Yap, Yah Wah (2003). Was Parsons Right? An experiment in usability of music representations for melody-based music retrieval. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2003), Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 75—79. Reports on an interesting study, intended to test the hypothesis of Parsons (1975) that people with little musical training would be able to identify music by melodic contour alone. The authors conclude that "unfortunately the directory is beyond the capabilities of its target audience", and of only limited value to those with stronger musical backgrounds.

Variations2 (2004). Variations2: IU Digital Music Library Project. Retrieved August 23, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://variations2.indiana.edu/. KW: system architecture, metadata standards, component-based architecture, network services, human-computer interaction (HCI), intellectual property rights (IPR)

Vellucci, Sherry (1997). Bibliographic Relationships in Music Catalogs. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.

Voorhees, Ellen (2002). Whither Music IR Evaluation Infrastructure: Lessons to be Learned from TREC. The MIR/MDL Evaluation Project White Paper Collection, pp. 7—13.

Walmsley, Paul (1999). Bayesian Graphical Models for Polyphonic Pitch Tracking. In Proceedings of Diderot Forum on Mathematics and Music, Vienna, Austria. Retrieved January 31, 2001, from the World Wide Web: http://www-sigproc.eng.cam.ac.uk/~pjw42/ftp/didlt.pdf

Wang, Avery (2003). An Industrial-Strength Audio Search Algorithm. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2003), Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 7—14. Version with audio examples retrieved January 31, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://ismir2003.ismir.net/presentations.html . A description of the audio-fingerprinting algorithm behind Shazam, with some amazing audio examples of how it works in practice.

Wattenberg, Martin (2004). The Shape of Song. Retrieved July 20, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.turbulence.org/Works/song/index.html. KW: Java, visualization, musical structure, MIDI file, repeated element.

Weyde, Tillman (2004). The Influence of Pitch on Melodic Segmentation. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 128—131.

Wiggins, Geraint, Miranda, Eduardo, Smaill, Alan, & Harris, Mitch (1993). A Framework for the Evaluation of Music Representation Systems. Computer Music Journal 17(3), pp. 31—42. KW: expressive completeness, structural generality, MIDI, score, musical object, declarative vs. procedural, grammar, hierarchy, music programming language, music calculus, object-oriented representation, symbolic vs. subsymbolic representation

Williams, David, & Webster, Peter (2006). Experiencing Music Technology, 3rd ed. Belmont, California: Thomson Higher Education (but the cover says Thomson/Schirmer).

Wiseman, N., Rusbridge, C., & Griffin, S. (1999, June). The Joint NSF/JISC International Digital Libraries Initiative. D-Lib Magazine 5(6). Retrieved August 23, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june99/06wiseman.html

B. Useful Works on IR, Bibliographic Searching, etc. in General

Belew, Richard K. (2000). Finding Out About: A Cognitive Perspective on Search Engine Technology and the WWW. Cambridge University Press. A good introductory overview on how search engines work; goes into some details about construction, problems, Zipf's Law. All text based, but pretty valuable. [Annotation: Ian Knopke]

Blair, D., & Maron, M.E. (1985, March). An Evaluation of Retrieval Effectiveness for a Full-text Document-Retrieval System. Communications of the ACM 28(3), pp. 289—299. KW: text IR, recall, large database, vocabulary mismatch, STAIRS

Blair, D. (1996). STAIRS Redux: Thoughts on the STAIRS evaluation, ten years after. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 47, pp. 4—22.

Borgman, Christine L. (1986). Why are Online Catalogs Hard to Use? Lessons learned from information retrieval studies. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 37(6), pp. 387—400.

Borgman, Christine L. (1996). Why are Online Catalogs Still Hard to Use? Journal of the American Society for Information Science 47(7), pp. 493—503.

Byrd, Donald, & Podorozhny, Rodion (2000). Adding Boolean-quality control to best-match searching via an improved user interface (Technical Report IR-210). Amherst: University of Massachusetts, Computer Science Dept.

Church, Kenneth (1995). One Term or Two? In Proceedings of ACM SIGIR 1995 Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 310-318.

Cleverdon, Cyril (1967). The Cranfield Tests on Index Language Devices. In Sparck Jones & Willett (1997), pp. 47—60.

Davis, Randall; Shrobe, Howard; & Szolovits, Peter (1993). What is a Knowledge Representation? AI Magazine, 14(1):17—33. Retrieved January 23, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/ftp/psz/k-rep.html

Faloutsos, Christos, & Oard, Douglas (1994). A Survey of Information Retrieval and Filtering Methods. Retrieved December 3, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://www.enee.umd.edu/medlab/filter/papers/survey.ps

Hickey, Thomas B., O'Neill, Edward T., & Toves, Jenny (2002). Experiments With the IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR). D-Lib Magazine 8, no. 9. Retrieved October 2, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september02/hickey/09hickey.html.

Kochumman, Rajiv, Monroy, Carlos, Deng, Jie, Furuta, Richard, and Urbina, Eduardo. Tools for a New Generation of Scholarly Edition Unified by a TEI-based Interchange Format. Proceedings of Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2004), Tucson, Arizona, pp. 368—369.

Mouat, Adrian (2002). XML Diff and Patch Utilities. CS4 dissertation, Heriot-Watt University (Edinburgh, Scotland).

Myers, Eugene (1986). An O(ND) Difference Algorithm and its Variations. Algorithmica 1, no.2, pp. 251—266.

North, C., Shneiderman, B., & Plaisant, C. (1996). User Controlled Overviews of an Image Library: A Case Study of the Visible Human. Proceedings of Digital Libraries ’96 Conference. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

Pierce, John R. (1980). An Introduction to Information Theory, 2nd ed. New York: Dover. A classic! Pierce was at Bell labs when Shannon cooked up the whole field of how information gets transmitted and used. This was probably an advanced text when it was first published (in 1961) but now it reads like a great introduction, with chapters about the role of noise in data, encoding, information theory and art, psychology, some sound information too. All the problems he discusses are still the same ones we have today. [Annotation: Ian Knopke]

Ponte, J., & Croft, W.B. (1996). Useg: A Retargetable Word Segmentation Procedure for Information Retrieval. (Technical Report IR-75). Amherst: University of Massachusetts, Computer Science Dept.

Shneiderman, B. (1994). Dynamic queries for visual information seeking. IEEE Software 11(6), pp. 70 —77.

Sparck Jones, K. & Willett, P., eds. (1997). Readings in Information Retrieval. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.

Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) (2004). Retrieved August 23, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://trec.nist.gov

Voorhees, Ellen (2000). The TREC Conferences: An Introduction. Retrieved June 30, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://trec.nist.gov/presentations/TREC9/intro/sld001.htm

Witten, I., Moffat, A., & Bell, T. (1999). Managing Gigabytes (2^nd ed.). San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann. A thorough and technical but nonetheless highly readable work on information retrieval in general, primarily of text, but with a nod to music and other media.

C. Useful Works on Other Aspects of Music and Music Notation

AKoff Sound Labs (2001). What is Music Recognition?; WAV and MIDI Formats. Retrieved January 20, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://www.akoff.com/about.html . KW: audio, polyphonic, AMR, WAV, MIDI, accuracy

AMNS (2005). Nightingale. Retrieved September 20, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.ngale.com . KW: CMN, music editing, software

Apel, Willi (1972). Harvard Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Arnold, Denis, ed. (1983). The New Oxford Companion to Music. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bainbridge, David. (1997). Extensible Optical Music Recognition. PhD thesis, University of Canterbury, New Zealand. KW: OMR.

Bainbridge, David, & Carter, Nicholas (1997). Automatic Recognition of Music Notation. In Handbook of Optical Character Recognition and Document Image Analysis, H. Bunke and P. Wang (eds). World Scientific, Singapore, 1997, pp. 557—603. The most recent survey of OMR I know of.

Battey, Bret (2005). Bezier Spline Modeling of Pitch-Continuous Melodic Expression and Ornamentation. Computer Music Journal 28(4), pp. 25—39.

Bellini, Pierfrancesco, Bruno, Ivan, & Nesi, Paolo (2004). Assessing Optical Music Recognition Tools. To my knowledge, unpublished, but a proposal (from a MusicNetwork workshop) that led to the work it describes is available at http://www.interactiveMUSICNETWORK.org/wg_imaging/upload/assessingopticalmusicrecognition_v1.0.doc. KW: OMR, evaluation.

Bellini, Pierfrancesco, Bruno, Ivan, & Nesi, Paolo (2005). An Off-Line Music Sheet Recognition. In George (2005), pp. 40-77. KW: OMR, evaluation, segmentation.

Bellini, Pierfrancesco, & Nesi, Paolo (2004). Automatic justification and line-breaking of music sheets. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 61,(1), July 2004, pp. 104-137. Retrieved June 13, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WGR-4BRSDTH-1/2/ad50ddc68cd46459fcec0c85f86d76e2

Benward, Bruce (2000). Practical Beginning Theory: A Fundamentals Worktext. Bruce Benward, Barbara Garvey Jackson, Bruce R. Jackson. 8th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, c2000. A popular textbook on elementary music theory.

Byrd, Donald (1984). Music Notation by Computer (doctoral dissertation, Computer Science Dept., Indiana University). Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI ProQuest (order no. 8506091). KW: CMN, music formatting, artificial intelligence, counterexample, FAHQMN, notation

Carter, Nicholas (1989). Automatic Recognition of Printed Music in The Context Of Electronic Publishing (doctoral dissertation, Depts. of Physics and Music, University of Surrey). Retrieved May 10, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.npcimaging.com/thesis/thesis.html . KW: OMR.

Choudhury, G.S., Droettboom, M., DiLauro, T., Fujinaga, I., & Harrington, B. (2000). Optical Music Recognition System within a Large-Scale Digitization Project. Read at the First International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2000); retrieved November 6, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/music2000

Choudhury, G. Sayeed, C. Requardt, I. Fujinaga, T. DiLauro, E. W. Brown, J. W. Warner, & B. Harrington (2004). Digital workflow management: The Lester S. Levy digitized collection of sheet music. Retrieved December 1, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_6/choudhury/index.html

Choudhury, G. Sayeed, DiLauro, Tim, Droettboom, Michael, Fujinaga, Ichiro, & MacMillan, Karl (2001 February). Strike Up the Score: Deriving Searchable and Playable Digital Formats from Sheet Music. D-Lib Magazine 7(2). Retrieved February 16, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.dlib.org

Clough, John, Conley, Joyce, & Boge, Claire (1999). Scales, Intervals, Keys, Triads, Rhythm, and Meter, 3rd ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Cope, David, et al (2001). Virtual Music. "With commentary by Douglas Hofstadter, and with perspectives and analysis by Eleanor Selfridge-Field, Bernard Greenberg, Steve Larson, Jonathan Berger, and Daniel Dennett." Includes a CD. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Dalitz, Christophe, & Karsten, Thomas (2005). Using the Gamera Framework for Building a Lute Tablature Recognition System. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2005), London, England, pp. 478—481.

Droettboom, Michael, & Fujinaga, Ichiro (2004). Micro-level groundtruthing environment for OMR. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 497—500.

Fritts, Lawrence. The University of Iowa Musical Instrument Samples. Retrieved July 10, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://theremin.music.uiowa.edu/MIS.html

Fujinaga, Ichiro (1997). Adaptive optical music recognition. Doctoral dissertation, McGill University. KW: OMR, k-NN classifier, genetic algorithm.

Fujinaga, Ichiro (2005). Staff Detection and Removal. In George (2005), pp. 1-39. KW: OMR, image processing, projection, run-length coding, connected-component analysis

Fujinaga, Ichiro, & Riley, Jenn (2002). Digital Image Capture of Musical Scores. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2002), pp. 261—262. KW: OMR; resolution; best practice.

George, Susan, ed. (2005). Pen-based Input for On-line Handwritten Music Notation. In George (2005), pp. 128-60. One of the few papers on recognition of handwritten music notation, especially online. An interesting feature is its comparison of neural-net algorithms, including one with a system of voting among networks./LI>

George, Susan, ed. (2005). Visual Perception of Music Notation: On-Line and Off-Line Recognition. Hershey, PA: IRM Press. A collection of papers by the editor and others, some very good, some less good. Much of the book is about on-line OMR, where the computer can "watch" a user drawing the music, and the problems involved are quite different from those of the usual off-line situation.

Hall, Gary (2004, October). Colors of the Rainbow: A By-the-Book Look at CD Standards and Formats. Electronic Musician 20(12), pp. 74—80.

Hall, Gary (2004, November). Optical Media Wars: DVD vs. SACD. Electronic Musician 20(13), pp. 66—73.

Indiana University Center for Electronic and Computer Music (2005). Retrieved December 30, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.indiana.edu/~emusic/

Interactive MusicNetwork (2004). OMR Bibliography, v.2 (28 Jan 2004). Retrieved May 13, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.interactivemusicnetwork.org/wg_imaging/upload/omrbib-20040128e.htm

Ishkur (2005). Ishkur's Guide to Electronic Music. Retrieved December 30, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.di.fm/edmguide/edmguide.html . An amazing guide to "electronic music" in a broad sense, obviously by someone with a non-art-tradition perspective, though it displays reasonable familiarity with musique concrete and the electroacoustic works of Varese, Stockhausen, etc. Has an amusing and informative tutorial on the history of electronic music. An outstanding feature is the presence of hundreds -- perhaps thousands -- of audio examples.

Kilian, Jürgen, & Hoos, Holger (2002). Voice Separation — A Local Optimization Approach. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2002), pp. 39—46.

Lobb, Richard, Bell, Tim, & Bainbridge, David (2005). Fast Capture of Sheet Music for an Agile Digital Music Library. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 145—152.

MacMillan, Karl, Droettboom, Michael, & Fujinaga, Ichiro (2002). Gamera: Optical music recognition in a new shell. In Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference, pp. 482—485. KW: OMR.

Maxwell III, John Turner, & Ornstein, Severo M. (1983). Mockingbird: A Composer’s Amanuensis. Technical report, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Describes the authors’ pioneering work in interactive music-notation editing, work that is not very well-known but has been tremendously influential.

Maxwell III, John Turner, & Ornstein, Severo M. (1984). Mockingbird: A Composer’s Amanuensis. Byte 9(1). Describes the authors’ pioneering work in interactive music-notation editing, work that is not very well-known but has been tremendously influential.

McPherson, John (2002). Introducing Feedback into an Optical Music Recognition System. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2002), pp. 259—260. KW: OMR.

Miller, Dennis (2002, July). Csound Comes of Age. Electronic Musician 18(8), pp. 38—49.

Ng, Kia C. (2005). Optical Music Analysis for Printed Music Score and Handwritten Music Manuscript. In George (2005), pp. 108-127. KW: OMR, reconstruction.

Ng, Kia C., & Jones, A. (2003). A Quick-Test for Optical Music Recognition Systems. 2nd MUSICNETWORK Open Workshop, Workshop on Optical Music Recognition System, Leeds, September 2003. KW: OMR, evaluation.

Ng, Kia C.; Barthelmy, Jerome; Ong, Bee; Bruno, Ivan; & Nesi, Paolo (2005). CIMS: Coding Images of Music Sheets, version 3.4. Interactive MusicNetwork working paper. Available at www.interactivemusicnetwork.org/documenti/view_document.php?file_id=1194. KW: music imaging, music digitization, sheet music, image processing, scanner, OMR, optical music restoration. Despite the confusing title, this is a general report on OMR and related technologies, with an interesting discussion of OMR evaluation and an extensive bibliography.

Palisca, Claude, ed. (1988). Norton Anthology of Western Music, 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton.

Porter, Hayden (2004). Phone It In! Electronic Musician 20(3), pp. 76—86. KW: ringtone, cell phone, SP-MIDI, polyphony.

Powell, Steven (2002). Music Engraving Today: The Art and Practice of Digital Notesetting. New York: Brichtmark. Discusses how to do music "engraving" with personal computers, especially using Finale and Sibelius.

Rastall, Richard (1982). The Notation of Western Music. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Read, Gardner (1969). Music Notation, 2^nded. Boston: Crescendo. A standard textbook on music notation; despite its pre-computer vintage, still contains a great deal of valuable information.

Read, Gardner (1978). Modern Rhythmic Notation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

The Real Vocal Book (n.d.). Title page lists as publisher "Real Vocal Book Press".

Risatti, Howard (1975). New Music Vocabulary. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Roland, Perry (1997). Proposed Musical Characters in Unicode. In Selfridge-Field (1997), pp. 553—562.

Ross, Ted (1970). The Art of Music Engraving and Processing. Miami: Hansen. This classic work has by far the most detailed information on positioning and spacing of symbols in music notation of any book I know of. It’s somewhat biased towards pop music, but not excessively.

Sadie, Stanley, ed. (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2^nded. Macmillan. The standard, and by far the most detailed, general music reference work in English.

Selfridge-Field, Eleanor, Carter, Nicholas, and others (1994). Optical Recognition: A Survey of Current Work; An Interactive System; Recognition Problems; The Issue of Practicality. In Hewlett, W., & Selfridge-Field, E. (Eds.), (Computing in Musicology, vol. 9, pp. 107—166. Menlo Park, California: Center for Computer-Assisted Research in the Humanities (CCARH). KW: OMR.

Stone, Kurt (1980). Music Notation in the Twentieth Century: A Practical Guidebook. New York: W. W. Norton. A well-thought-out and well-organized guide to notation for 20^th-century music, incorporating the views of a large number of composers and scholars.

Tovey, Donald Francis (1944; reprinted 1956). Music. In The Forms of Music. Cleveland: Meridian Books. A collection of essays (originally written as articles for the Encyclopedia Britannica) by one of the most insightful writers on music I know of.

Unicode (2005). Code Charts for Symbols and Punctuation. Retrieved October 10, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.unicode.org/charts/symbols.html . As of the current version (4.1.0), Unicode includes Ancient Greek and Byzantine as well as "Western" musical symbols.

Warner, Thomas (1977). Tromlitz's Flute Treatise: A Neglected Source of Eighteenth-Century Performance Practice. In A Musical Offering: Essays in Honor of Martin Bernstein, ed. by E. Clinkscale and C. Brook. Pendragon Press.

Worship in Song: A Friends Hymnal (1996). Philadelphia: Friends General Conference.